;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$salutation (#$isa #$salutation #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$salutation #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$salutation #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$salutation #$CourtesyTitle) (#$comment #$salutation "(#$salutation PRSN TITLE) means the #$Person PRSN's name may have the #$CourtesyTitle TITLE attached to it, such as: Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., when that person is addressed.") ;;; #$satisfiesDescription (#$isa #$satisfiesDescription #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$satisfiesDescription #$CycSystemList) (#$arg2Isa #$satisfiesDescription #$CycSystemList) (#$arg3Isa #$satisfiesDescription #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$satisfiesDescription "ARG1 is a list of things (item1, item2, ...) which, taken together, satisfy the descriptions in the MT ARG3 of the roles listed in ARG2 (role1, role2, ...). For example, we might see (#$satisfiesDescription (Joe Jane) (TheHusband TheWife) #$HumanSocialLifeMt).") ;;; #$satisfiesStandard (#$isa #$satisfiesStandard #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$satisfiesStandard #$FormalProductType) (#$arg1Genl #$satisfiesStandard #$Product) (#$arg2Isa #$satisfiesStandard #$ProductStandard) (#$comment #$satisfiesStandard "The predicate #$satisfiesStandard is used to identify a product standard that applies to a certain type of products. (#$satisfiesStandard PRODTYPE STAND) means that every instance of the #$FormalProductType PRODTYPE satisfies the #$ProductStandard STAND. STAND will contain a description of the desired physical form and/or function for the type of product (or service) denoted by PRODTYPE, and the instances of PRODTYPE fulfill those specifications. See also #$ProductStandard.") ;;; #$schooling (#$isa #$schooling #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$schooling #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$schooling #$EducationalOrganization) (#$arg3Isa #$schooling #$StudentStatusAttribute) (#$comment #$schooling "(#$schooling PERSN SCHL LVL) means #$Person PERSN has attained formal schooling up to #$EducationLevelAttribute LVL at the #$EducationalOrganization SCHL. This will refer to a particular #$subAbstrac of a #$Person, not the person as a whole lifetime #$Entity. And of course the schooling itself generally occurs at but one of many #$timeSlices of the school.") ;;; #$sees (#$isa #$sees #$PerceivingSlot) (#$genlPreds #$sees #$perceives) (#$arg1Isa #$sees #$PerceptualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$sees #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$sees #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$sees "(#$sees AGENT OBJ) means that the #$PerceptualAgent AGENT perceives at least some of the visual properties (color, shape, texture, etc) of the object(s) or event(s) OBJ.") ;;; #$seller (#$isa #$seller #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$seller #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$seller #$exchangers) (#$arg1Isa #$seller #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$seller #$Agent) (#$comment #$seller "The predicate #$seller relates an agent to a sales event. (#$seller EVENT AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT sells something in the #$CommercialActivity EVENT.") ;;; #$sellingAgent (#$isa #$sellingAgent #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$sellingAgent #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$sellingAgent #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sellingAgent #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sellingAgent #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$sellingAgent #$sellingPerformer) (#$genlPreds #$sellingAgent #$mediators) (#$arg1Isa #$sellingAgent #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$sellingAgent #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$sellingAgent "A selling agent acts on behalf of a would be seller to bring about a buying event involving his/her/its client as the seller. ") ;;; #$sellingPerformer (#$isa #$sellingPerformer #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sellingPerformer #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sellingPerformer #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sellingPerformer #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$sellingPerformer #$performedBy) (#$genlPreds #$sellingPerformer #$socialParticipants) (#$arg1Isa #$sellingPerformer #$CommercialActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$sellingPerformer #$LegalAgent) (#$comment #$sellingPerformer "(sellingPerformer COM AGENT) means that the #$CommercialActivity COM is #$performedBy the #$Agent AGENT, who in that event actually pursues and attempts to make a sale. AGENT may also be (and in many cases is) the #$seller of the goods or services sold, or s/he may be the #$sellingAgent representing the #$seller.") ;;; #$sellsProductType (#$isa #$sellsProductType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$sellsProductType #$MedicalCareOrganization) (#$arg1Isa #$sellsProductType #$InsuranceProvider) (#$arg2Isa #$sellsProductType #$ProductType) (#$comment #$sellsProductType "The predicate #$sellsProductType identifies a particular seller of a specific product. (#$sellsProductType AGT PRODTYPE) means that the individual #$Agent AGT sells the #$ProductType PRODTYPE. For example, the Wendy's in the Texas Student Union sells hamburgers. The implication is that AGT typically and often sells products of PRODTYPE, not just as a one-time sale.") ;;; #$senderOfInfo (#$isa #$senderOfInfo #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$senderOfInfo #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$senderOfInfo #$informationOrigin) (#$genlPreds #$senderOfInfo #$doneBy) (#$genlPreds #$senderOfInfo #$deliberateActors) (#$arg1Isa #$senderOfInfo #$InformationTransferEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$senderOfInfo #$Agent) (#$comment #$senderOfInfo "The predicate #$senderOfInfo is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. At the time of TRANSFER (and typically for some period beforehand), SENDER conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily #$knows the `information' or has it among his/her #$beliefs, because TRANSFER could involve lying; e.g., #$GeorgeWashington's telling his father, `I didn't chop down the cherry tree'. SENDER normally performs TRANSFER intentionally, but some transfers may be unintentional; e.g., when one repeats some gossip unwittingly within earshot of the person being discussed, the transfer to the overhearer is unintentional. See also #$infoTransferred.") ;;; #$seniorExecutives (#$isa #$seniorExecutives #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$seniorExecutives #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$seniorExecutives #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$seniorExecutives #$hasWorkers) (#$genlPreds #$seniorExecutives #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$seniorExecutives #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$seniorExecutives #$Person) (#$comment #$seniorExecutives "The predicate #$seniorExecutives is used to identify the upper-level managers in a particular organization. (#$seniorExecutives ORG PERSON) means PERSON is an employee with a high executive position in the #$Organization ORG. #$seniorExecutives relates an organization to the people who hold its principal corporate offices (#$CompanyPresident, etc.) and also positions like Chief of Staff, General, Admiral, Chief Corporate Counsel, Managing Partner, Chief Scientist, Chief Engineer, etc.") ;;; #$sensoryResponse (#$isa #$sensoryResponse #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sensoryResponse #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$sensoryResponse #$PhysicalEvent) (#$arg2Isa #$sensoryResponse #$ActorSlot) (#$arg3Isa #$sensoryResponse #$SensoryReactionType) (#$arg3Genl #$sensoryResponse #$SensoryAttribute) (#$arg4Isa #$sensoryResponse #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$sensoryResponse "(#$sensoryResponse EVT ROLE SENSTYPE DEGREE) means that a #$PerceptualAgent who participates in the #$PhysicalEvent EVT in the manner ROLE has an immediate sensory reaction of the #$SensoryReactionType SENSTYPE with DEGREE of intensity. For example, Cyc's knowledge base contains a rule that says that if $E is a touching-something-very-cold event, then (#$sensoryResponse $E #$doneBy #$LevelOfDiscomfort #$Positive) --- i.e., that whoever does that touching action is likely to feel some discomfort. Note that #$sensoryResponse is one of the few predicates that are quaternary; i.e., that take four arguments.") ;;; #$seriesLength (#$isa #$seriesLength #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$seriesLength #$Series) (#$arg2Isa #$seriesLength #$PositiveInteger) (#$comment #$seriesLength "(#$seriesLength SER LEN) means that the series, SER, is LEN members long. Note that some #$Series have an unknown or infinite number of members.") ;;; #$seriesOrderedBy (#$isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$Series) (#$arg2Isa #$seriesOrderedBy #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$seriesOrderedBy "(#$seriesOrderedBy SER PRED) means that PRED is the relation that imposes an order on the members of SER. Each member of the series stands in the relation PRED to the succeeding members of the series. For example, if SER is a line of cars driving north, the ordering relation might be #$northOf (or ''aheadOf''). ") ;;; #$seriesOrderedByInverse (#$isa #$seriesOrderedByInverse #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$seriesOrderedByInverse #$Series) (#$arg2Isa #$seriesOrderedByInverse #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$seriesOrderedByInverse "(#$seriesOrderedByInverse SER PRED) means that PRED is the relation that imposes an order on the members of SER. Each member of the series stands in the relation PRED to the series members that come before it. For example, if SER is a line of cars driving south, the ordering relation might be #$northOf (or ''behind''). See also #$seriesOrderedBy.") ;;; #$shape (#$isa #$shape #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$isa #$shape #$ShapeDescribingPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$shape #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$shape #$ShapeType) (#$arg2Genl #$shape #$AbstractShape) (#$comment #$shape "The predicate #$shape is used to indicate the type of geometrical shape that characterizes a particular object. (#$shape OBJ SHAPETYPE) means that the tangible object OBJ has an overall geometrical shape of the kind SHAPETYPE. For example, the #$shape of the Transamerica Building in San Francisco is a #$PyramidShape. Other elements of #$ShapeType include #$Square, #$Circle, #$SphereShape, #$CylinderShape, etc.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$shape #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SHAPE-PROPERTY-ASCRIPTION") ;;; #$sharedNotes (#$isa #$sharedNotes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$sharedNotes #$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate) (#$isa #$sharedNotes #$MetaKnowledgePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$sharedNotes #$CycIndexedTerm) (#$arg1Isa #$sharedNotes #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$sharedNotes #$SharedNote) (#$comment #$sharedNotes "#$sharedNotes is a predicate belonging to the Cyc collection #$DocumentationConstant. Often KB builders wish to repeat the same documentation in the #$comment of many constants. Rather than actually duplicating text in the KB, it is possible to create a special constant to 'hold' the documentation; this constant will be an instance of #$SharedNote. (#$sharedNotes X N) means that N is an element of #$SharedNote whose #$comment contains shared documentation about the constant X. Since #$sharedNotes are usually shared, it is reasonable to expect other axioms, such as (sharedNotes Y N) and (sharedNotes Z N) to be in the KB as well.") ;;; #$shareholders (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$shareholders #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$shareholders #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$shareholders #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$shareholders #$Agent) (#$comment #$shareholders "The predicate #$shareholders identifies particular agents as owners of shares in a particular organization. (#$shareholders ORG AGENT) means AGENT owns one or more shares of #$Stock in the company ORG and hence is an owner of the company and may receive dividends from the company. #$shareholders indicates owners of a company's stock generically, whether they hold common or preferred shares. Voting shareholders may vote (one vote per share) for the Board of Directors. Shareholders do not normally participate in the operation of a company, and they are not personally liable for the debts of the company.") ;;; #$shearStrengthOfObject (#$isa #$shearStrengthOfObject #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$shearStrengthOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$shearStrengthOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$shearStrengthOfObject #$ShearStrength) (#$comment #$shearStrengthOfObject "(#$shearStrengthOfObject OBJ DEGREE) means that the tangible object OBJ has a DEGREE amount of #$ShearStrength, i.e., resistance to shearing stress.") ;;; #$sheetSurfaceConnected (#$not (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$touchesDirectly) (#$genlPreds #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$connectedTo) (#$arg1Isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$arg2Isa #$sheetSurfaceConnected #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$sheetSurfaceConnected "(#$sheetSurfaceConnected MEMBRANE OBJ2) means that MEMBRANE is connected all over most of one surface to a surface of OBJ2. For example, a bi-layer membrane would have two parts #$sheetSurfaceConnected to each other. Or, a membrane could be attached over most of its surface to an object's surface, as the #$VisceralPleura is attached to the surface of the #$Lung in the body. The membrane(s) may be flexible, but the surface connection is firm (i.e. no sliding can occur without a separation, tearing, or breaking occurring).") ;;; #$siblingDisjointExceptions (#$isa #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlInverse #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$siblingDisjointExceptions) (#$arg1Isa #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$Collection) (#$arg2Isa #$siblingDisjointExceptions #$Collection) (#$comment #$siblingDisjointExceptions "The predicate #$siblingDisjointExceptions is used to state exceptions to constraints normally imposed from #$SiblingDisjointCollection. (#$siblingDisjointExceptions COL1 COL2) means that the relationship between the collections COL1 and COL2 is exempt from the disjointness constraint which would otherwise be imposed because COL1 and COL2 are both instances of some element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. (See #$SiblingDisjointCollection for a full explanation of the constraints.) For example, #$Killing-Biological and #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent are both elements of #$DefaultDisjointScriptType, which in turn is an element of #$SiblingDisjointCollection. The exception is useful in this case because it lifts the constraint that physically attacking and killing an agent must be disjoint from each other, while letting us continue to conclude that killing and attacking are each disjoint from many other kinds of actions. By asserting (#$siblingDisjointExceptions #$Killing-Biological #$PhysicallyAttackingAnAgent), we block the disjointness constraint between those two collections, without disturbing the constraints between each of those collections and all the other instances of their parent (disjoint) collection, #$DefaultDisjointScriptType. In other words, (#$siblingDisjointExceptions COL1 COL2) prevents COL1 and COL2 from being considered disjoint if they would otherwise be disjoint due to their being both instances of the same #$SiblingDisjointCollection.") ;;; #$siblingOrganizations (#$not (#$isa #$siblingOrganizations #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$siblingOrganizations #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$siblingOrganizations #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlInverse #$siblingOrganizations #$siblingOrganizations) (#$arg1Isa #$siblingOrganizations #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$siblingOrganizations #$Organization) (#$comment #$siblingOrganizations "The predicate #$siblingOrganizations relates two organizations which are immediate #$subOrganizations of a common (unspecified) parent organization. (#$siblingOrganizations ORG1 ORG2) means that the #$Organizations ORG1 and ORG2 are sister organizations within some hierarchically structured organization; ORG1 and ORG2 are at the same `level' from the top.") ;;; #$siblings (#$isa #$siblings #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$siblings #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$siblings #$FamilyRelationSlot) (#$not (#$isa #$siblings #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$siblings #$acquaintedWith) (#$genlPreds #$siblings #$positiveVestedInterest) (#$genlPreds #$siblings #$biologicalRelatives) (#$genlInverse #$siblings #$siblings) (#$arg1Isa #$siblings #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$siblings #$Animal) (#$comment #$siblings "(#$siblings ANIM1 ANIM2) means that ANIM1 and ANIM2 are siblings. Either they share one or more biological parents, or are siblings by adoption, marriage, or some other social arrangement. Generally siblings are reasonably close in age (within 15 years or so) and have grown up together in the same family.") ;;; #$simultaneousWith (#$isa #$simultaneousWith #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$simultaneousWith #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$simultaneousWith #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$simultaneousWith #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation) (#$genlPreds #$simultaneousWith #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$simultaneousWith #$simultaneousWith) (#$arg1Isa #$simultaneousWith #$TimePoint) (#$arg2Isa #$simultaneousWith #$TimePoint) (#$comment #$simultaneousWith "(#$simultaneousWith ?X ?Y) means that #$TimePoints ?X and ?Y occur at exactly the same time. Note: Individual #$TimePoints are seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation, such as #$cotemporal or #$temporalBoundsIdentical, which holds between two #$TemporalThings. These #$ComplexTemporalRelations are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations, such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith, which relate one #$TimePoint to another.") ;;; #$singular (#$isa #$singular #$IntangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$singular #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$singular #$EnglishWord) (#$arg2Isa #$singular #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$singular "(#$singular WORD STRING) means that STRING is the singular noun form of WORD. For example, the #$singular form of #$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.") ;;; #$skillCapableOf (#$isa #$skillCapableOf #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$skillCapableOf #$Animal) (#$arg2Isa #$skillCapableOf #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$skillCapableOf #$Situation) (#$arg3Isa #$skillCapableOf #$Role) (#$comment #$skillCapableOf "The predicate #$skillCapableOf indicates that an agent has the skill to take a certain role in a certain type of situation or event. (#$skillCapableOf AGT SIT-TYPE ROLE) means that a particular #$Agent AGT has the necessary skills to act in this ROLE in normal instances of SIT-TYPE. For example, to express that #$Gumby is capable of swimming, Cyc would say (#$skillCapableOf #$Gumby #$Swimming-Generic #$performedBy). #$skillCapableOf entails that AGT has any anatomical and/or intellectual prerequisites for performing the skill; however, it is neutral as to whether AGT has the necessary resources of time, money, opportunity, etc., to use the skill in any particular situation of SIT-TYPE.") ;;; #$skillLevel (#$isa #$skillLevel #$QuintaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$skillLevel #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$skillLevel #$Collection) (#$arg2Genl #$skillLevel #$Event) (#$arg3Isa #$skillLevel #$ActorSlot) (#$arg4Isa #$skillLevel #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$arg4Genl #$skillLevel #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$arg5Isa #$skillLevel #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$skillLevel "This predicate relates performers to types of actions. (#$skillLevel OBJ ACT-TYPE ROLE PERF-ATT LEVEL) means that the #$SomethingExisting OBJ has the ability to play the role ROLE in elements of the type of #$Event ACT-TYPE, with LEVEL degree of PERF-ATT. For example, (#$skillLevel Joe #$DiggingAHole #$performedBy #$Agility #$High) means that, in general, Joe can dig holes with great agility. To talk about actual performance in a particular action, use #$performanceLevel.") ;;; #$skillRequired (#$isa #$skillRequired #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$skillRequired #$ScriptType) (#$arg1Genl #$skillRequired #$AnimalActivity) (#$arg2Isa #$skillRequired #$ScriptType) (#$arg2Genl #$skillRequired #$AnimalActivity) (#$arg3Isa #$skillRequired #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$arg3Genl #$skillRequired #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$arg4Isa #$skillRequired #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$skillRequired "(#$skillRequired ACT-TYPE OTHER-TYPE PERF-ATT LEVEL) means that if one is to successfully perform an instance of some kind of action (ACT-TYPE), then one must be capable of performing instances of another kind of action (OTHER-TYPE) with the performance attribute PERF-ATT at a level of at least LEVEL. For example, (#$skillRequired PlayingVolleyball ServingAVolleyball #$Competence #$Low). If you can't even serve a volleyball at a `Low' competence level, you're not so much `playing' volleyball as developing the skills to play it.") ;;; #$skinColor (#$isa #$skinColor #$FunctionalSlot) (#$isa #$skinColor #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$skinColor #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$skinColor #$Color) (#$comment #$skinColor "(#$skinColor PERSON SKINCOL) means #$Person PERSON has the #$HumanSkinColor SKINCOL.") ;;; #$smells (#$isa #$smells #$PerceivingSlot) (#$isa #$smells #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$smells #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$smells #$perceives) (#$arg1Isa #$smells #$PerceptualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$smells #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$smells #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$smells "(#$smells ?AGT ?OBJ) means that OBJ releases a scent (see #$Odor) which the #$PerceptualAgent ?AGT is able to perceive. In the situation 'Joe smells the coffee burning' Cyc should know both (#$smells Joe Coffee01) and (#$smells Joe BurningOfCoffeeEvent01).") ;;; #$socialClass (#$isa #$socialClass #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$socialClass #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$socialClass #$SocialClass-Lifestyle) (#$comment #$socialClass "(#$socialClass PRSN CLS) means that in the surrounding culture, the #$Person PRSN has the #$SocialClass-Lifestyle CLS. As the name suggests, this predicate indicates PRSN's approximate social status as determined by his or her style of life -- quality of life, access to material goods and services, and social associations. It may also depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. E.g., (#$socialClass #$DonaldTrump #$UpperClass) was true even when he lost his fortune and was (temporarily) bankrupt; and (#$socialClass #$BillGates #$UpperMiddleClass) was true, at least for a while, after he became a billionaire. This is a good example of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context, such as from country to country, from century to century, etc.") ;;; #$socialParticipants (#$isa #$socialParticipants #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$socialParticipants #$ActorSlot) (#$isa #$socialParticipants #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$socialParticipants #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$socialParticipants #$SocialOccurrence) (#$arg2Isa #$socialParticipants #$Agent) (#$comment #$socialParticipants "(#$socialParticipants SO AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT participates --- in some social role --- in the #$SocialOccurrence SO. In every culture there are many specializations of this #$ActorSlot; some #$SocialOccurrences have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit in 1990's America), and some are fairly simple (e.g., rudely bumping into someone.) See #$SocialOccurrence.") ;;; #$socialStatus (#$isa #$socialStatus #$FunctionalPredicate) (#$isa #$socialStatus #$QuaternaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$socialStatus #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$socialStatus #$SocialStatusAttributeType) (#$arg3Isa #$socialStatus #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg3Genl #$socialStatus #$Person) (#$arg4Isa #$socialStatus #$GenericAttribute) (#$comment #$socialStatus "(#$socialStatus PRSN STAT GROUP DEGREE) means that the #$Person PRSN has the social status type STAT (such qualities as #$Glamor, #$Credibility, etc.) at the generic strength level DEGREE (e.g., #$High, #$VeryLow, #$Low, etc.), according to the reference population group GROUP. For example, in the context of 1980s America, it was true that (#$socialStatus #$Madonna #$Glamor #$HumanTeenager #$VeryHigh). I.e., Madonna had a `high glamor' status among American teenagers in the 1980's.") ;;; #$solubleIn (#$isa #$solubleIn #$InterExistingObjectSlot) (#$isa #$solubleIn #$TangibleSubstancePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$solubleIn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$solubleIn #$LiquidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$solubleIn "(#$solubleIn SOLUTE SOLVENT) means that the piece of #$PartiallyTangible stuff SOLUTE will ordinarily dissolve if placed into the #$LiquidTangibleThing SOLVENT. See also #$Solubility.") ;;; #$solute (#$isa #$solute #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$solute #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$solute #$CompositionPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$solute #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$solute #$constituents) (#$arg1Isa #$solute #$Solution) (#$arg2Isa #$solute #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$solute "The predicate #$solute indicates a particular #$TangibleThing in a #$Solution which is dissolved in the #$solvent of that #$Solution.") ;;; #$solvent (#$isa #$solvent #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$solvent #$CompositionPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$solvent #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$solvent #$mainConstituent) (#$arg1Isa #$solvent #$Solution) (#$arg2Isa #$solvent #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$solvent "The predicate #$solvent indicates a particular liquid in a #$Solution in which the #$solute is dissolved.") ;;; #$spaceRegionPortals (#$isa #$spaceRegionPortals #$BinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spaceRegionPortals #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$spaceRegionPortals #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$spaceRegionPortals #$Interior) (#$arg2Isa #$spaceRegionPortals #$Portal) (#$comment #$spaceRegionPortals "(spaceRegionPortals REGION HOLE) means that HOLE is a #$Portal into the interior region REGION. All the portals of this #$Interior space region are related to it by spaceRegionPortals.") ;;; #$spatiallyIntersects (#$isa #$spatiallyIntersects #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spatiallyIntersects #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$spatiallyIntersects #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$spatiallyIntersects #$near) (#$genlInverse #$spatiallyIntersects #$spatiallyIntersects) (#$arg1Isa #$spatiallyIntersects #$SpatialThing) (#$arg2Isa #$spatiallyIntersects #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$spatiallyIntersects "(#$spatiallyIntersects REGION1 REGION2) is true if and only if REGION1 and REGION2 share a common sub-region.") ;;; #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg (#$isa #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$PositiveInteger) (#$comment #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg "(#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that the Cyc predicate PRED expresses a property that is spatially intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any spatial part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$spatiallyIntrinsicArg #$temperatureOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$temperatureOfObject `Coffee007' (#$DegreeCelsius 90)), we can expect that any spatial part of `Coffee007' will also have that temperature. An example of a property that is NOT spatially intrinsic is #$massOfObject; though a whole rock may weigh two pounds, there are spatial parts of the rock that don't. Another example of a relation that is not spatially intrinsic, but might at first seem to be, is #$constituents. In (#$constituents `ChocolateMilk37' `Milk36'), it is not the case that every spatial part of `ChocolateMilk37' has `Milk36' among its #$constituents. #$constituents means, rather, that every part of its first argument has some part of the second argument among its components, but that is different from the intended meaning of #$spatiallyIntrinsicArg.") ;;; #$spectators (#$isa #$spectators #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spectators #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spectators #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$spectators #$preActors) (#$arg1Isa #$spectators #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$spectators #$Agent) (#$comment #$spectators "(#$spectators E AGT) means that in the #$Event E, the #$Agent AGT is an onlooker of E but not actively acting in it in any other way. AGT will observe all or part of E.") ;;; #$speedOfObject-Translation (#$isa #$speedOfObject-Translation #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$speedOfObject-Translation #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$speedOfObject-Translation #$Speed) (#$comment #$speedOfObject-Translation "The predicate #$speedOfObject-Translation is used to give the speed with which an object is moving in a particular translational motion. As you should remember from freshman physics, velocity has a speed and direction. Speed is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has no direction, only magnitude. Thus, `100 miles per hour straight up' is a velocity, and `100 miles per hour' is the corresponding speed.") ;;; #$spouse (#$isa #$spouse #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spouse #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$spouse #$InterActorSlot) (#$isa #$spouse #$FamilyRelationSlot) (#$not (#$isa #$spouse #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$spouse #$loves) (#$genlPreds #$spouse #$mate) (#$genlPreds #$spouse #$cohabitingFamilyMembers) (#$genlInverse #$spouse #$spouse) (#$arg1Isa #$spouse #$Person) (#$arg2Isa #$spouse #$Person) (#$comment #$spouse "(#$spouse PERSON1 PERSON2) means the two #$Persons PERSON1 and PERSON2 are married. Note: in some contexts (cultures), a person is not restricted to having only one cotemporal spouse.") ;;; #$startingDate (#$isa #$startingDate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$startingDate #$startsDuring) (#$arg1Isa #$startingDate #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startingDate #$Date) (#$comment #$startingDate "(#$startingDate ?X ?Y) indicates that ?Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes ?Y (#$StartFn ?X)). This is NOT the same as #$startingPoint (qv). Rather, it means that ?X happened (started to happen, came into existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a particular calendar year, etc.") ;;; #$startingPoint (#$isa #$startingPoint #$TemporalRelation) (#$arg1Isa #$startingPoint #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startingPoint #$TimePoint) (#$comment #$startingPoint "(#$startingPoint ?X ?T) indicates that ?T is the #$TimePoint at which ?X begins, the earliest moment of its temporal extent.") ;;; #$startsAfterEndingOf (#$isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$startsAfterEndingOf #$startsAfterStartingOf) (#$genlPreds #$startsAfterEndingOf #$endsAfterEndingOf) (#$genlPreds #$startsAfterEndingOf #$temporallyDisjoint) (#$arg1Isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startsAfterEndingOf #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$startsAfterEndingOf "(#$startsAfterEndingOf AFTER BEFORE) means (#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That is, the #$startingPoint of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of BEFORE. Note: Cyc's #$startsAfterEndingOf relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the AFTER relation.") ;;; #$startsAfterStartingOf (#$isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$startsAfterStartingOf #$endsAfterStartingOf) (#$arg1Isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startsAfterStartingOf #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$startsAfterStartingOf "(#$startsAfterStartingOf X Y) means (#$after (#$StartFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). That is, the #$startingPoint of X is later than the #$startingPoint of Y. This implies nothing about whether X and Y overlap, or how much they overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$startsAfterStartingOf #$SENSUS-Information1997 "FOLLOW") ;;; #$startsDuring (#$isa #$startsDuring #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$startsDuring #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$startsDuring #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$startsDuring #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$startsDuring #$startsAfterStartingOf) (#$genlPreds #$startsDuring #$temporalBoundsIntersect) (#$genlInverse #$startsDuring #$endsAfterStartingOf) (#$arg1Isa #$startsDuring #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startsDuring #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$startsDuring "(#$startsDuring ?X ?Y) means ?Y covers the start of ?X, i.e. the #$startingPoint of ?X is properly contained (#$temporalBoundsContain) within ?Y. Note that ?X and ?Y do not necessarily intersect in time, however, they would if ?Y were #$temporallyContinuous.") ;;; #$startsRelativeToEndOf (#$isa #$startsRelativeToEndOf #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$startsRelativeToEndOf #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startsRelativeToEndOf #$Time-Quantity) (#$arg3Isa #$startsRelativeToEndOf #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$startsRelativeToEndOf " (#$startsRelativeToEndOf ?X ?D ?Y) means that the ?X starts duration ?D after ?Y ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of ?X is after the #$endingPoint of ?Y, by an amount of time ?D.") ;;; #$startsRelativeToStartOf (#$isa #$startsRelativeToStartOf #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$startsRelativeToStartOf #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$startsRelativeToStartOf #$Time-Quantity) (#$arg3Isa #$startsRelativeToStartOf #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$startsRelativeToStartOf " (#$startsRelativeToStartOf ?X ?D ?Y) means that ?X starts duration ?D after ?Y starts. That is, the #$startingPoint of ?X is after the #$startingPoint of ?Y, by an amount of time ?D.") ;;; #$stateOfAddress (#$isa #$stateOfAddress #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$stateOfAddress #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$stateOfAddress #$ContactLocation) (#$arg2Isa #$stateOfAddress #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$comment #$stateOfAddress "(#$stateOfAddress LOC STATE) means that the #$ContactLocation LOC is located in STATE. Note that STATE may be an element of #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), or it may belong to some other kind of #$CountrySubsidiary. For example, #$Cycorp's #$stateOfAddress is #$Texas-State. See also #$ContactLocation.") ;;; #$stateOfDevice (#$isa #$stateOfDevice #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$isa #$stateOfDevice #$FunctionalSlot) (#$genlPreds #$stateOfDevice #$hasAttributes) (#$arg1Isa #$stateOfDevice #$PhysicalDevice) (#$arg2Isa #$stateOfDevice #$DeviceState) (#$comment #$stateOfDevice "This predicate is used to identify the state of operation that a particular device is in. (#$stateOfDevice DEV STATE) means that the #$PhysicalDevice DEV is in the #$DeviceState STATE. Thus, (#$stateOfDevice HAL #$DeviceOff) says that the computer HAL is switched off.") ;;; #$stateOfMatter (#$isa #$stateOfMatter #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$isa #$stateOfMatter #$TangibleSubstancePredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$stateOfMatter #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$stateOfMatter #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous) (#$comment #$stateOfMatter "The predicate #$stateOfMatter is used to indicate the physical state of a tangible thing. (#$stateOfMatter SUBST STATE) means that the tangible substance SUBST is in the physical state STATE. STATE is an element of #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous (solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous).") ;;; #$streetAddressText (#$isa #$streetAddressText #$FunctionalSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$streetAddressText #$ContactLocation) (#$arg2Isa #$streetAddressText #$StreetAddress) (#$comment #$streetAddressText "The predicate #$streetAddressText maps from a particular place to a string representing its street address. (#$streetAddressText LOC STREET) means that LOC is found at the number and street given in the string STREET. See also #$ContactLocation.") ;;; #$structureMemberIsa (#$isa #$structureMemberIsa #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$structureMemberIsa #$Situation) (#$arg2Isa #$structureMemberIsa #$Collection) (#$comment #$structureMemberIsa "(#$structureMemberIsa SIT COL) means that each of the #$structureMembers of the situation SIT is an element of the collection COL.") ;;; #$structureMembers (#$isa #$structureMembers #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$structureMembers #$parts) (#$arg1Isa #$structureMembers #$Situation) (#$arg2Isa #$structureMembers #$Thing) (#$comment #$structureMembers "#$structureMembers is a very general predicate, encompassing all the ways a #$Situation's structure can be composed out of parts. In (#$structureMembers WHOL PRT), PRT could be a member of a #$Group or #$Series (if WHOL is a #$Group or #$Series), the #$subEvents of an #$Event (if WHOL is an #$Event), and so on.") ;;; #$stuckTo (#$not (#$isa #$stuckTo #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$stuckTo #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$stuckTo #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$stuckTo #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$stuckTo #$ConnectionPredicate) (#$isa #$stuckTo #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$stuckTo #$connectedTo-Rigidly) (#$genlInverse #$stuckTo #$stuckTo) (#$arg1Isa #$stuckTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$stuckTo #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$stuckTo "(#$stuckTo OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are held together by an adhesive force that is at least strong enough to support the whole weight of (the lighter of) OBJ1 or OBJ2. Either OBJ1 or OBJ2 must be `sticky' or have a sticky surface; e.g., duct tape, honey, chewing gum, and perhaps magnetism. #$stuckTo may represent a weak form of connection, one that may be separated by manual force. Note: If a third object (such as glue) supplies the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together, or if OBJ1 or OBJ2 were acted on non-trivially (e.g., welding, not simply contact or pressure), then see #$bondedTo and its specializations.") ;;; #$stuffUsed (#$isa #$stuffUsed #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$stuffUsed #$instrument-Generic) (#$arg1Isa #$stuffUsed #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$stuffUsed #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$stuffUsed "The predicate #$stuffUsed relates an event to some tangible substance which facilitates that event. (#$stuffUsed EVENT STUFF) means that STUFF is a portion of an element of #$ExistingStuffType which plays an instrumental role in EVENT. STUFF may or may not be consumed in the course of EVENT. Examples: portions of #$Water are #$stuffUsed in instances of #$WashingDishes, #$WashingHair, #$WashingClothesInAMachine, etc.; portions of #$EdibleOil are #$stuffUsed in some instances of #$Frying food and #$BakingBread.") ;;; #$subAbsOfEntityAfter (#$isa #$subAbsOfEntityAfter #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subAbsOfEntityAfter #$Entity) (#$arg2Isa #$subAbsOfEntityAfter #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg3Isa #$subAbsOfEntityAfter #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$subAbsOfEntityAfter "(#$subAbsOfEntityAfter ?X ?Y ?Z) indicates that ?X is an #$Entity, ?Y is some subabstraction of ?X, and (#$contiguousAfter ?Y ?Z). This provides one way to talk about the effects wrought by some state-changing process. For example, for Washing001 involving Hair001, (#$subAbsOfEntityAfter Hair001 ?SUB Washing001) would imply that ?SUB is Wet. Usually the preferred alternative is to use the #$holdsIn representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIF Washing001) 'Hair001 is Wet').") ;;; #$subAbsOfEntityBefore (#$isa #$subAbsOfEntityBefore #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subAbsOfEntityBefore #$Entity) (#$arg2Isa #$subAbsOfEntityBefore #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg3Isa #$subAbsOfEntityBefore #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$subAbsOfEntityBefore "(#$subAbsOfEntityBefore ?X ?Y ?Z) indicates that ?X is an #$Entity, ?Y is some subabstraction of ?X, and (#$contiguousAfter ?Z ?Y). This provides one way to talk about pre-conditions for some state-changing process. For example, 'Egg001 was raw before being scrambled' -- if (#$subAbsOfEntityBefore Egg001 ?SUB Scrambling001), then ?SUB is raw. Usually the preferred alternative is to use the #$holdsIn representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIB Scrambling001) 'Egg001 is raw').") ;;; #$subAbsOfEntityDuring (#$isa #$subAbsOfEntityDuring #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subAbsOfEntityDuring #$Entity) (#$arg2Isa #$subAbsOfEntityDuring #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg3Isa #$subAbsOfEntityDuring #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$subAbsOfEntityDuring "(#$subAbsOfEntityDuring ENTITY SUB TEMP) -- SUB is a #$subAbstrac (a time-slice) of the #$Entity ENTITY, and SUB is cotemporal with the #$TemporalThing TEMP. For example, (#$subAbsOfEntityDuring Karen KarenDuring1992 #$TheYear1992).") ;;; #$subAbstrac (#$isa #$subAbstrac #$TemporalPartSlot) (#$isa #$subAbstrac #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subAbstrac #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subAbstrac #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subAbstrac #$timeSlices) (#$genlPreds #$subAbstrac #$temporallySubsumes) (#$genlPreds #$subAbstrac #$parts) (#$arg1Isa #$subAbstrac #$SomethingExisting) (#$arg2Isa #$subAbstrac #$SomethingExisting) (#$comment #$subAbstrac "(#$subAbstrac WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal part (one of the #$timeSlices) of WHOLE, where WHOLE and SUB are both elements of #$SomethingExisting. Both entities and subabstractions are subabstactions of themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstrac is the restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the domain, and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting. `AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstrac of `AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a #$subAbstrac of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is a #$subAbstrac only of itself (hence 'AlbertEinstein' is an element of #$Entity (q.v.)).") ;;; #$subAgreements (#$isa #$subAgreements #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subAgreements #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subAgreements #$Agreement) (#$arg2Isa #$subAgreements #$Agreement) (#$comment #$subAgreements "The predicate #$subAgreements relates a particular agreement to the subordinate agreements it comprises. (#$subAgreements AGR SUB) means that both AGR and SUB are elements of #$Agreement, and AGR has SUB as a sub-part.") ;;; #$subBeliefSystem (#$isa #$subBeliefSystem #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subBeliefSystem #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subBeliefSystem #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$subBeliefSystem #$BeliefSystem) (#$arg2Isa #$subBeliefSystem #$BeliefSystem) (#$comment #$subBeliefSystem "(#$subBeliefSystem SYS SUB) indicates that SUB is a more specialized `branch' of belief system BSYS. Thus the #$beliefStatements of SUB will be a superset of the #$beliefStatements of BSYS (sometimes with a few changes and deletions.) Some examples of this are: (#$subBeliefSystem #$Islam #$ShiiteIslam), (#$subBeliefSystem #$ProtestantReligion #$PresbyterianReligion), and (#$subBeliefSystem #$MilesianSchoolBeliefs #$AnaximandersPhilosophy).") ;;; #$subEvents (#$isa #$subEvents #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$subEvents #$SubProcessSlot) (#$isa #$subEvents #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subEvents #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subEvents #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subEvents #$temporallySubsumes) (#$genlPreds #$subEvents #$parts) (#$arg1Isa #$subEvents #$Event) (#$arg2Isa #$subEvents #$Event) (#$comment #$subEvents "(#$subEvents WHOLE PART) means that the event PART is a meaningful part of the event WHOLE. So both WHOLE and PART are elements of #$Event. The predicate #$subEvents can be used to decompose events in time, in space, and/or in other ways. Following a recipe often has this property: the task is broken down into several sub-tasks, some of which happen before others, and some of which happen simultaneously but involve different ingredients. One could also decompose `making dinner' into #$subEvents according to how dangerous they are, which might be useful if one had kids of various ages helping. Often, a more specialized relation than #$subEvents can be used; e.g., if you have subevents that decompose an action in time only, then the more specialized predicate #$subProcesses should be used.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$subEvents #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SUBEVENT") ;;; #$subGoals (#$isa #$subGoals #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subGoals #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subGoals #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$arg1Isa #$subGoals #$Goal) (#$arg2Isa #$subGoals #$Goal) (#$comment #$subGoals "(#$subGoals G SUB) means that SUB is a subordinate goal of G. In other words, SUB is an intermediate objective or milestone to be accomplished in the course of pursuing the overall #$Goal G.") ;;; #$subGroups (#$isa #$subGroups #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$subGroups #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subGroups #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subGroups #$PartPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subGroups #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$subGroups #$Group) (#$arg2Isa #$subGroups #$Group) (#$comment #$subGroups "The predicate #$subGroups is used to relate a particular group to its subgroups. (#$subGroups GROUP SUB) means that (1) GROUP includes all the #$groupMembers of SUB, and (2) SUB and GROUP co-exist as groups. Examples: the stars in the constellation Big Dipper constitute a group which is one of the #$subGroups of the Milky Way galaxy; Democrats in the House of Representatives in 1997 are a subgroup of the group of U.S. House Members for that year.") ;;; #$subOrganizations (#$isa #$subOrganizations #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$subOrganizations #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$subOrganizations #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subOrganizations #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subOrganizations #$affiliatedWith) (#$genlPreds #$subOrganizations #$subGroups) (#$arg1Isa #$subOrganizations #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$subOrganizations #$Organization) (#$comment #$subOrganizations "The predicate #$subOrganizations relates a particular organization to one of its sub-organizations. (#$subOrganizations ORG1 ORG2) means ORG2 is a sub-organization of ORG1, whether it is at the very next organizational level down, e.g., (#$subOrganizations NationalLeague-Baseball NationalLeagueEast-Baseball), or several levels down the heirarchy, e.g., (#$subOrganizations NationalLeague-Baseball NewYorkMets).") ;;; #$subPathSystems (#$isa #$subPathSystems #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPathSystems #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPathSystems #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subPathSystems #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$subPathSystems #$Thing) (#$comment #$subPathSystems "(#$subPathSystems SYS SUBSYS) means that the path system SUBSYS is a subsystem of the path system SYS. Technically, this means the following: (i) Every point in SUBSYS is a point in SYS, (ii) every node in SUBSYS is a node in SYS, (iii) every link in SUBSYS is a link in SYS, and (iv) every loop in SUBSYS is a loop in SYS. Some consequences of these conditions are as follows. (a) Every point in SUBSYS that is a node in SYS is a node in SUBSYS. (b) For any nodes X and Y in SUBSYS and each link LINK in SUBSYS, LINK is between X and Y in SYS iff it is between X and Y in SUBSYS. (c) For each point X in SYS that is not a node in SYS, if X is on a link in SYS that is not in SUBSYS, X is not in SUBSYS. (d) Isolated points and deadends in SUBSYS must be nodes in SYS. (e) For each loop LOOP in SUBSYS, the only node in SYS on LOOP must be a node in SUBSYS. (f) If SYS is a #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretic (or a #$MultiGraph), all subsystems of SYS are #$SimpleGraph-GraphTheoretics (or #$MultiGraphs). Predicates concerning particular kinds of subsystems of path systems, i.e., predicates that take #$subPathSystems as #$genlPreds, include #$linkClosedSubSystems, #$pointClosedSubSystems, #$maximalConnectedSubSystems, #$reductionOfPathSystems, etc.") ;;; #$subPaths (#$isa #$subPaths #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$subPaths #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subPaths #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$subPaths #$subPaths-Generic) (#$arg1Isa #$subPaths #$Path-Simple) (#$arg2Isa #$subPaths #$Path-Simple) (#$comment #$subPaths "Provided PATH1 and PATH2 are instances of #$Path-Simple, (#$subPaths PATH1 PATH2) means that PATH2 is a sub-path of PATH1, and that any 'point' on PATH2 must also be on PATH1.") ;;; #$subPaths-Generic (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subPaths-Generic #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subPaths-Generic #$physicalParts) (#$genlPreds #$subPaths-Generic #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$subPaths-Generic #$Path-Generic) (#$arg2Isa #$subPaths-Generic #$Path-Generic) (#$comment #$subPaths-Generic "If PATH1 and PATH2 are instances of #$Path-Generic, which includes #$Path-Simple and #$Path-Cyclic, then (#$subPaths-Generic PATH1 PATH2) means that PATH2 is a sub-path of PATH1, and that any object #$onPath PATH2 must also be #$onPath PATH1. See also #$subPaths which does not apply to #$Path-Cyclic, just to #$Path-Simple.") ;;; #$subSeries (#$isa #$subSeries #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subSeries #$Series) (#$arg2Isa #$subSeries #$Series) (#$comment #$subSeries "(#$subSeries SER1 SER2) means that SER2 is a sub-series of SER1. This means that all the members of SER2 are members of SER1, that SER1 and SER2 share the same ordering principle, and that, if the first member of SER2 is the Mth member of SER1, the Nth member of SER2 is the (N + M - 1)th member of SER1. So a subseries is an uninterrupted ''slice'' of the whole.") ;;; #$subsetOf (#$isa #$subsetOf #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subsetOf #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$subsetOf #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$subsetOf #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$subsetOf #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$subsetOf #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$arg1Isa #$subsetOf #$SetOrCollection) (#$arg2Isa #$subsetOf #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$subsetOf "(#$subsetOf SUB SUPER) means that every element of the mathematical set or collection SUB is an element of the mathematical set or collection SUPER.") ;;; #$subsumedByIntervalType (#$isa #$subsumedByIntervalType #$IntensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$isa #$subsumedByIntervalType #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$subsumedByIntervalType #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$subsumedByIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$subsumedByIntervalType "(#$subsumedByIntervalType ?X ?Y) means that a time interval of type ?Y (i.e., something which #$isa ?Y) #$temporallySubsumes ?X. For example, (#$subsumedByIntervalType FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that Fred was born on a Wednesday. As another example, Cyc contains an axiom which says, in a typical modern service-providing context, that each instance of #$HairCuttingEvent is #$subsumedByIntervalType #$DaytimeWorkingHours -- i.e., it is true as a default that the typical professional haircut is given during normal daytime working hours.") ;;; #$subsumesIntervalType (#$isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$TemporalRelation) (#$isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$subsumesIntervalType #$intersectsIntervalType) (#$arg1Isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$arg2Isa #$subsumesIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$subsumesIntervalType "(#$subsumesIntervalType X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallySubsumes some instance of Y. For example, one of Cyc's axioms states that in the #$NorthernHemisphereMt (the context in which the location is assumed to be somewhere north of the equator) it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarWinter #$January). That is, in that micro-theory, each Winter contains a January. In the base KB -- that is, independent of context -- it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType #$CalendarQuarter #$CalendarMonth), which means that every calendar quarter contains at least one entire calendar month.") ;;; #$successfulForAgents (#$isa #$successfulForAgents #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$successfulForAgents #$performedBy) (#$arg1Isa #$successfulForAgents #$PurposefulAction) (#$arg2Isa #$successfulForAgents #$Agent) (#$comment #$successfulForAgents "The predicate #$successfulForAgents is used to indicate that a particular agent achieves its goal in a particular action. (#$successfulForAgents ENDEAVOR AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT is successful in accomplishing the #$PurposefulAction ENDEAVOR. This means that each of the purposes AGT had in doing ENDEAVOR has come true. See also #$purposeInEvent.") ;;; #$succession-RST (#$isa #$succession-RST #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$succession-RST #$RSTRelation) (#$arg1Isa #$succession-RST #$LinguisticObject) (#$arg2Isa #$succession-RST #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$succession-RST "The discourse relation that holds between two segments of text when they describe events which are related to one another by succession.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$succession-RST #$SENSUS-Information1997 "RST-SEQUENCE") ;;; #$superTaxons (#$isa #$superTaxons #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$superTaxons #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$superTaxons #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$superTaxons #$genls) (#$genlInverse #$superTaxons #$genls) (#$arg1Isa #$superTaxons #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$arg2Isa #$superTaxons #$BiologicalTaxon) (#$comment #$superTaxons "The predicate #$superTaxons is used to relate elements of #$BiologicalTaxon. (#$superTaxons TAXON GEN-TAXON) means that GEN-TAXON is a #$BiologicalTaxon above (i.e., more general and inclusive than) the more specific #$BiologicalTaxon TAXON. Every instance of TAXON must therefore also be an instance of GEN-TAXON; the same holds for the #$taxonMembers relation. Example: (#$superTaxons #$DomesticCat #$FelisGenus). See also #$taxonMembers.") ;;; #$suppliers (#$not (#$isa #$suppliers #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$suppliers #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$suppliers #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$suppliers #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$suppliers #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$suppliers #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$genlPreds #$suppliers #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$suppliers #$doesBusinessWith) (#$genlInverse #$suppliers #$clients) (#$arg1Isa #$suppliers #$Organization) (#$arg2Isa #$suppliers #$Agent) (#$comment #$suppliers "The predicate #$suppliers represents a relationship between an organization and an agent. (#$suppliers ORG AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT supplies some goods or services to the #$Organization ORG on an ongoing basis, usually for payment.") ;;; #$supportedBy (#$not (#$isa #$supportedBy #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$supportedBy #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$supportedBy #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$supportedBy #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$supportedBy #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$supportedBy #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$supportedBy #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$supportedBy "(#$supportedBy OBJECT SUPPORTER) means that SUPPORTER is at least partially responsible for OBJECT maintaining its current position. If OBJECT were not #$supportedBy this supporter, it would fall.") ;;; #$surfaceAttributeOfSurf (#$isa #$surfaceAttributeOfSurf #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$surfaceAttributeOfSurf #$Surface-Physical) (#$arg2Isa #$surfaceAttributeOfSurf #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$surfaceAttributeOfSurf "(surfaceAttributeOfSurf SURF SURFATT) means that the particular individual #$Surface-Physical SURF has the #$SurfaceAttribute SURFATT over most or all of its area. It may have more than one such surface attribute.") ;;; #$surfaceParts (#$isa #$surfaceParts #$PhysicalPartPredicate) (#$isa #$surfaceParts #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$surfaceParts #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$surfaceParts #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$not (#$isa #$surfaceParts #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$surfaceParts #$externalParts) (#$arg1Isa #$surfaceParts #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$surfaceParts #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$surfaceParts "(#$surfaceParts BIG LITTLE) means that LITTLE is a physical part of a surface of BIG, or that LITTLE is a physical part of BIG itself and a surface of LITTLE is part of a surface of BIG. Positive exemplars: the skin of an orange is a #$surfaceParts of the orange, #$Texas-State is a #$surfaceParts of #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica, a window of a house is a #$surfaceParts of that house. Borderline positive exemplars: the inside surface of a coffee cup is one of the #$surfaceParts of the cup; the inside surface of a beer-can in some contexts is a #surfaceParts of the can. Negative exemplars: the brain is not a #$surfaceParts of a person.") ;;; #$surroundsCompletely (#$isa #$surroundsCompletely #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$surroundsCompletely #$SpatialPredicate) (#$isa #$surroundsCompletely #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$surroundsCompletely #$surroundsHorizontally) (#$arg1Isa #$surroundsCompletely #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$surroundsCompletely #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$surroundsCompletely "(#$surroundsCompletely OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE completely surrounds INSIDE. In other words, all rays with origins at INSIDE pass through OUTSIDE by default (with some exceptions). OUTSIDE is not a part of INSIDE (or vice versa). Examples: a candy bar inside its wrapper; the body of a pregnant mammalian female containing a foetus; a fish in water.") ;;; #$surroundsHorizontally (#$not (#$isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$surroundsHorizontally #$cotemporal) (#$genlInverse #$surroundsHorizontally #$objectFoundInLocation) (#$arg1Isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$surroundsHorizontally #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$surroundsHorizontally "(#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE surrounds a horizontal slice of INSIDE. That is, there is some horizontal cross section of INSIDE such that all rays drawn horizontally from points in that cross section pass through OUTSIDE, and along each of those rays there are points which are in OUTSIDE and beyond all points of INSIDE. Thus, (#$surroundsHorizontally OUTSIDE INSIDE) is NOT true if INSIDE shares a boundary with OUTSIDE; e.g., Texas is not surrounded by the USA. Positive cases: water surrounds islands; foothills may surround a mountain range. See also #$surroundsCompletely.") ;;; #$suspendedIn (#$isa #$suspendedIn #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$suspendedIn #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$suspendedIn #$SpatialPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$suspendedIn #$in-ImmersedFully) (#$arg1Isa #$suspendedIn #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$suspendedIn #$FluidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$suspendedIn "(#$suspendedIn OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is fully immersed in FLUID, and OBJ is suspended in FLUID by the kind of force that supports any suspension particle. Note that while #$suspendedIn correctly describes the condition of a #$suspendedPart in its #$suspendingFluid (e.g., a dirt particle suspended in water), #$suspendedIn can also be used more broadly (e.g., a hot air balloon is #$suspendedIn air). See also #$Suspension.") ;;; #$suspendedPart (#$not (#$isa #$suspendedPart #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$suspendedPart #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$suspendedPart #$CompositionPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$suspendedPart #$cotemporal) (#$genlPreds #$suspendedPart #$constituents) (#$arg1Isa #$suspendedPart #$Suspension) (#$arg2Isa #$suspendedPart #$Particle) (#$comment #$suspendedPart "The predicate #$suspendedPart indicates an individual particle of #$TangibleThing which is suspended in a particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus, (#$suspendedPart SUS PART) means that PART is a #$Particle suspended in the #$suspendingFluid of the #$Suspension SUS. Examples: in an instance of #$CloudlikeObject, the (typical) #$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of water; in muddy water, the (typical) #$suspendedPart is a #$Particle of soil.") ;;; #$suspendingFluid (#$not (#$isa #$suspendingFluid #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$suspendingFluid #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$suspendingFluid #$CotemporalObjectsSlot) (#$isa #$suspendingFluid #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$suspendingFluid #$CompositionPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$suspendingFluid #$mainConstituent) (#$genlPreds #$suspendingFluid #$cotemporal) (#$arg1Isa #$suspendingFluid #$Suspension) (#$arg2Isa #$suspendingFluid #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$suspendingFluid "The predicate #$suspendingFluid indicates the particular fluid in which particles are suspended in a particular instance of #$Suspension. Thus, (#$suspendingFluid SUS FLU) means that FLU is among the #$constituents of the #$Suspension SUS, FLU is a fluid (i.e., liquid OR gas), and FLU is the fluid constituent which suspends the particles in SUS. For example, in an instance of #$CloudlikeObject, the #$suspendingFluid is the portion of #$Air that is surrounding and supporting the droplets of water vapour in the cloud. In muddy water, the #$suspendingFluid is that instance of #$Water which is supporting the particles of soil.") ;;; #$symbolizes (#$not (#$isa #$symbolizes #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$symbolizes #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$symbolizes #$SymbolicObject) (#$arg2Isa #$symbolizes #$Thing) (#$comment #$symbolizes "(#$symbolizes SYMBOL OBJ) means that the #$SymbolicObject SYMBOL represents the thing OBJ for some abstract agent. E.g., the US flag #$symbolizes the USA. It is usually true that (#$symbolizes x y) implies (#$connotes x y #$High). Note that the 'abstract agent' may be context-specific -- a given object may represent one thing in one culture, and nothing at all or a different thing in another culture.") ;;; #$symmetricPartTypes (#$isa #$symmetricPartTypes #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$symmetricPartTypes #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg1Genl #$symmetricPartTypes #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$symmetricPartTypes #$ExistingObjectType) (#$arg2Genl #$symmetricPartTypes #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$symmetricPartTypes "(#$symmetricPartTypes ?BIG ?SMALL) means that every instance of ?BIG has exactly two, symmetrically positioned, instance of ?SMALL as parts.") ;;; #$synonymousExternalConcept (#$isa #$synonymousExternalConcept #$TernaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$synonymousExternalConcept #$Thing) (#$arg2Isa #$synonymousExternalConcept #$IndexedInfoSource) (#$arg3Isa #$synonymousExternalConcept #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$synonymousExternalConcept "(#$synonymousExternalConcept ?TERM ?SOURCE ?STRING) means that the Cyc concept ?TERM is synonymous with the concept named by ?STRING in the external data source ?SOURCE.") ;;; #$target (#$isa #$target #$ActorSlot) (#$genlPreds #$target #$actors) (#$arg1Isa #$target #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$arg2Isa #$target #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$target "(#$target TRANS PLACE) means that the #$performedBy (or #$directingAgent) of the event TRANS intends that the #$transferredThing end up at PLACE.") ;;; #$tastes (#$isa #$tastes #$PerceivingSlot) (#$genlPreds #$tastes #$perceives) (#$arg1Isa #$tastes #$PerceptualAgent) (#$arg2Isa #$tastes #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$tastes "(#$tastes AGT OBJ) means that AGT perceives the tastes of OBJ. We can taste objects, such as lollipops, or events, such as the 'finish' of a wine, as long as they have some tangible aspect.") ;;; #$temperatureOfObject (#$isa #$temperatureOfObject #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot) (#$isa #$temperatureOfObject #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot) (#$arg1Isa #$temperatureOfObject #$PartiallyTangible) (#$arg2Isa #$temperatureOfObject #$Temperature) (#$comment #$temperatureOfObject "(#$temperatureOfObject OBJECT TEMPERATURE) means that the individual OBJECT has the #$Temperature TEMPERATURE. Note that OBJECT may be a piece of stuff -- for example, a particular spot in the ocean.") ;;; #$temporalBoundsContain (#$isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$temporalBoundsContain #$temporalBoundsIntersect) (#$genlInverse #$temporalBoundsContain #$endsDuring) (#$genlInverse #$temporalBoundsContain #$startsDuring) (#$arg1Isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporalBoundsContain #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporalBoundsContain "(#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) means that LONGER strictly contains SHORTER. There is a positive non-zero time after LONGER starts before SHORTER starts, and there is a positive non-zero time after SHORTER ends before LONGER ends. That is, the #$startingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint of SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of LONGER is a finite amount of time later than the #$endingPoint of SHORTER. Naturally, #$temporalBoundsContain is a stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIntersect. If LONGER is #$temporallyContinuous, then (#$temporalBoundsContain LONGER SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes LONGER SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the CONTAINS relation.") ;;; #$temporalBoundsIdentical (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$temporallyCoterminal) (#$genlPreds #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$temporallyCooriginating) (#$genlInverse #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$temporalBoundsIdentical) (#$arg1Isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporalBoundsIdentical #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporalBoundsIdentical "(#$temporalBoundsIdentical ?X ?Y) means that ?X and ?Y are both #$temporallyCooriginating and #$temporallyCoterminal. That is, ?X and ?Y have the same #$startingPoints and also have the same #$endingPoints. Note that if ?X and ?Y are continuous temporal objects, such as a pair of ashtrays, then this means that they must in fact be completely #$cotemporal.") ;;; #$temporalBoundsIntersect (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$endsAfterStartingOf) (#$genlInverse #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$temporalBoundsIntersect) (#$genlInverse #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$endsAfterStartingOf) (#$arg1Isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporalBoundsIntersect #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporalBoundsIntersect "(#$temporalBoundsIntersect ?X ?Y) means that the closed solid time interval between from the start of ?X to the end of ?X, inclusive, intersects the solid time interval from the start of ?Y and the end of ?Y, inclusive. Clearly, if ?X and ?Y are continuous events, then the stronger assertion (#$temporallyIntersects ?X ?Y) must also hold. But if either is a discontinuous event, it is possible to have a situation where their bounds intersect but where there is no time point in common. For example, the discontinuous event of `Fred sleeping this week' could intersects the bounds of `Fred driving this week' even though the two events share no time points (we hope).") ;;; #$temporallyContinuous (#$isa #$temporallyContinuous #$UnaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyContinuous #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyContinuous "If (temporallyContinuous TEMP-OBJ), then TEMP-OBJ occupies one continous chunk of time. There are no time intervals between the start and end of TEMP-OBJ during which TEMP-OBJ is not occurring/existing.") ;;; #$temporallyCooriginating (#$isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallyIntersects) (#$genlInverse #$temporallyCooriginating #$temporallyCooriginating) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyCooriginating #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyCooriginating "(#$temporallyCooriginating ?X ?Y) means (#$simultaneousWith (#$StartFn ?X) (#$StartFn ?Y)). That is, the #$startingPoint of ?X is the same as the #$startingPoint of ?Y. This implies that ?X and ?Y overlap, in at least one point (namely, their #$startingPoints are the same.)") ;;; #$temporallyCoterminal (#$isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$temporallyCoterminal #$temporallyIntersects) (#$genlInverse #$temporallyCoterminal #$temporallyCoterminal) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyCoterminal #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyCoterminal "(#$temporallyCoterminal ?X ?Y) means (#$simultaneousWith (#$EndFn ?X) (#$EndFn ?Y)). That is, the #$endingPoint of ?X is the same as the #$endingPoint of ?Y. This implies that ?X and ?Y overlap, in at least one point (namely, their #$endingPoints are the same.)") ;;; #$temporallyDisjoint (#$not (#$isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$genlInverse #$temporallyDisjoint #$temporallyDisjoint) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyDisjoint #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyDisjoint "(temporallyDisjoint ?X ?Y) means that there are no time points in common between ?X and ?Y. If you view each of them as a set of #$TimePoints, the two sets are disjoint. For example, consider the discontinuous events `Fred sleeping this week' and `Fred driving this week'. These are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint even if they `interlock' during the week.") ;;; #$temporallyFinishedBy (#$isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$genlPreds #$temporallyFinishedBy #$temporallyCoterminal) (#$genlInverse #$temporallyFinishedBy #$startsDuring) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyFinishedBy #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyFinishedBy "(#$temporallyFinishedBy PERIOD FINISH) means that PERIOD and FINISH are #$temporallyCoterminal, and that FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is, the #$endingPoint of PERIOD and FINISH are the same element of #$TimePoint, and the #$startingPoint of FINISH is no earlier than the #$startingPoint of PERIOD. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to what James Allen dubbed the FINISHEDBY relation. We liked his name better than the one we had been using, and so we renamed this predicate accordingly.") ;;; #$temporallyIntersects (#$isa #$temporallyIntersects #$ComplexTemporalRelation) (#$isa #$temporallyIntersects #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate) (#$isa #$temporallyIntersects #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate) (#$not (#$isa #$temporallyIntersects #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate)) (#$genlPreds #$temporallyIntersects #$temporalBoundsIntersect) (#$genlInverse #$temporallyIntersects #$temporallyIntersects) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyIntersects #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyIntersects #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$temporallyIntersects "(#$temporallyIntersects ?X ?Y) means that there is at least one #$TimePoint which ?X #$temporallySubsumes and ?Y #$temporallySubsumes. If you think of ?X and ?Y as sets of #$TimePoints, then those two sets intersect.") ;;; #$temporallyIntrinsicArg (#$isa #$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$BinaryPredicate) (#$arg1Isa #$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$Predicate) (#$arg2Isa #$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$PositiveInteger) (#$comment #$temporallyIntrinsicArg "(#$temporallyIntrinsicArg PRED N) means that PRED expresses a property that is temporally intrinsic for its argument position N. That means, if a formula using PRED is true for some object OBJ (in the Nth argument position), we can assume the truth of every similar formula in which any temporal part of OBJ is substituted in for OBJ. For example, since (#$temporallyIntrinsicArg #$massOfObject 1) is true, if we know (#$massOfObject `Rock37' (#$Gram 37)), we can expect that any temporal part of `Rock37', such as `Rock37Today', will also have a mass of 37 grams. An example of a property which is not temporally intrinsic would be `average speed'. The average speed of a car on a drive from Austin to Dallas might be 50 mph, but during particular sub-intervals of that drive the average speed could vary from 0 to 75 mph. The collection #$CotemporalPredicate is a class of relations which are not temporally intrinsic but might at first seem to be, e.g., #$physicalParts. In (#$physicalParts `Joe' `JoesHead'), it is not the case that every temporal part of `Joe' (such as `JoeToday') has `JoesHead' as a physical part. Rather, `JoeToday' would have `JoesHeadToday' among its #$physicalParts. With #$physicalParts, as with all other elements of #$CotemporalPredicate, every time-slice of the first argument is related to a cotemporal time-slice of the second argument, but that is not covered by #$temporallyIntrinsicArg and its associated axioms.")